Italy's top-flight Serie A football league launched a new anti-racism campaign on Monday by presenting artwork featuring three side-by-side paintings of apes.
The league said the paintings by Italian artist Simone Fugazzotto would be exhibited permanently at the entrance to its main hall "to underline the commitment of the world of football against all forms of discrimination."
It said the artwork "aims to spread the values of integration, multiculturalism and brotherhood."
In a series of tweets, anti-racism organisation Fare Network called the initiative a "sick joke."
"Once again Italian football leaves the world speechless," the organisation said. "In a country in which the authorities fail to deal with racism week after week #SerieA have launched a campaign that looks like a sick joke."
Roma's English account tweeted: "#AS Roma was very surprised to see what appears to be an anti-racist campaign from Serie A featuring painted monkeys on social media today. We understand the league wants to tackle racism but we don't believe this is the right way to do it."
AC Milan also criticised the paintings and tweeted: "Art can be powerful, but we strongly disagree with the use of monkeys as images in the fight against racism and were surprised by the total lack of consultation."
Serie A CEO Luigi De Siervo said: "We know that racism is an endemic and very complex problem, which we will tackle on three different levels.
"The cultural level, through works such as Simone's, the sports level, with a series of initiatives together with clubs and players, and the repressive level, thanks to the collaboration with the police."
Milan-born Fugazzotto, described as being "known for his disruptive works," is famous in Italy and almost all his art involves drawings of chimpanzees.
He said he got the idea for the paintings after Napoli's Senegalese defender Kalidou Koulibaly suffered racist insults during a match at Inter Milan last season.
"I got so angry that... I got an idea. Why not stop censoring the word monkey in football but turn the concept around and say instead that in the end we're all apes?" he said.
"Because if we are human beings, monkeys, reincarnated souls, energy or aliens...The important thing is to hear a concept of equality and brotherhood."
The league also announced on Monday that they are developing a system of facial recognition technology to identify fans responsible for racist chants.
"We're working on facial recognition software to use inside the stadiums," De Siervo said. "We're still awaiting authorization from privacy authorities but we should be able to get that with the help of the government ... once those images are available, clubs will have to intervene directly."
Italian football has been plagued by racism with Inter Milan Belgium forward Romelu Lukaku and Brescia's Italian striker Mario Balotelli having been subjected to racist insults from rival fans during matches this season.
A veteran Italian pundit was dropped from a Sunday night round table programme after suggesting Lukaku could only be stopped by giving him bananas to eat, while Brescia's president said Balotelli's problem was that he was "black" and he was "trying to get whiter."
Both men said their comments were not intended to be taken seriously.
Earlier this month, Italian sports daily Corriere dello Sport used the headline "Black Friday" along with a picture of Lukaku and AS Roma's England defender Chris Smalling to preview last Friday's match between their clubs in Milan.
Despite a wave of criticism, the newspaper stood by the headline.
Information from Reuters and the Associated Press was used in this report.